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Pediatrics May 2021
Topics: Bilirubin; Digestive System Diseases; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia
PubMed: 33903165
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-046284 -
The Plant Cell Nov 2017In land plants, linear tetrapyrrole (bilin)-based phytochrome photosensors optimize photosynthetic light capture by mediating massive reprogramming of gene expression....
In land plants, linear tetrapyrrole (bilin)-based phytochrome photosensors optimize photosynthetic light capture by mediating massive reprogramming of gene expression. But, surprisingly, many green algal genomes lack phytochrome genes. Studies of the heme oxygenase mutant () of the green alga suggest that bilin biosynthesis in plastids is essential for proper regulation of a nuclear gene network implicated in oxygen detoxification during dark-to-light transitions. cannot grow photoautotrophically and photoacclimates poorly to increased illumination. We show that these phenotypes are due to reduced accumulation of photosystem I (PSI) reaction centers, the PSI electron acceptors 5'-monohydroxyphylloquinone and phylloquinone, and the loss of PSI and photosystem II antennae complexes during photoacclimation. The mutant resembles chlorophyll biosynthesis mutants phenotypically, but can be rescued by exogenous biliverdin IXα, the bilin produced by HMOX1. This rescue is independent of photosynthesis and is strongly dependent on blue light. RNA-seq comparisons of , genetically complemented , and chemically rescued reveal that tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and known photoreceptor and photosynthesis-related genes are not impacted in the mutant at the transcript level. We propose that a bilin-based, blue-light-sensing system within plastids evolved together with a bilin-based retrograde signaling pathway to ensure that a robust photosynthetic apparatus is sustained in light-grown Chlamydomonas.
Topics: Bile Pigments; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Chloroplasts; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Heme Oxygenase-1; Light; Mutation; Oxygen; Photosystem I Protein Complex; Plant Proteins; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29084873
DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00149 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Aug 2014Forty-four different animal biles obtained from both invertebrates and vertebrates (including human bile) have been used for centuries for a host of maladies in... (Review)
Review
Forty-four different animal biles obtained from both invertebrates and vertebrates (including human bile) have been used for centuries for a host of maladies in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) beginning with dog, ox and common carp biles approximately in the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046-256 BCE). Overall, different animal biles were prescribed principally for the treatment of liver, biliary, skin (including burns), gynecological and heart diseases, as well as diseases of the eyes, ears, nose, mouth and throat. We present an informed opinion of the clinical efficacy of the medicinal uses of the different animal biles based on their presently known principal chemical components which are mostly steroidal detergent-like molecules and the membrane lipids such as unesterified cholesterol and mixed phosphatidylcholines and sometimes sphingomyelin, as well as containing lipopigments derived from heme principally bilirubin glucuronides. All of the available information on the ethnopharmacological uses of biles in TCM were collated from the rich collection of ancient Chinese books on materia medica held in libraries in China and United States and the composition of various animal biles was based on rigorous separatory and advanced chemical identification techniques published since the mid-20(th) century collected via library (Harvard's Countway Library) and electronic searches (PubMed and Google Scholar). Our analysis of ethnomedical data and information on biliary chemistry shows that specific bile salts, as well as the common bile pigment bilirubin and its glucuronides plus the minor components of bile such as vitamins A, D, E, K, as well as melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) are salutary in improving liver function, dissolving gallstones, inhibiting bacterial and viral multiplication, promoting cardiac chronotropsim, as well as exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-oxidant, sedative, anti-convulsive, anti-allergic, anti-congestive, anti-diabetic and anti-spasmodic effects. Pig, wild boar and human biles diluted with alcohol were shown to form an artificial skin for burns and wounds one thousand years ago in the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE). Although various animal biles exhibit several generic effects in common, a number of biles appear to be advantageous for specific therapeutic indications. We attempt to understand these effects based on the pharmacology of individual components of bile as well as attempting to identify a variety of future research needs.
Topics: Animals; Bile; China; Ethnopharmacology; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Materia Medica; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Organotherapy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25110425
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9952 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2012The bile pigments, biliverdin, and bilirubin, are endogenously derived substances generated during enzymatic heme degradation. These compounds have been shown to act as...
The bile pigments, biliverdin, and bilirubin, are endogenously derived substances generated during enzymatic heme degradation. These compounds have been shown to act as chemical antioxidants in vitro. Bilirubin formed in tissues circulates in the serum, prior to undergoing hepatic conjugation and biliary excretion. The excess production of bilirubin has been associated with neurotoxicity, in particular to the newborn. Nevertheless, clinical evidence suggests that mild states of hyperbilirubinemia may be beneficial in protecting against cardiovascular disease in adults. Pharmacological application of either bilirubin and/or its biological precursor biliverdin, can provide therapeutic benefit in several animal models of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Furthermore, biliverdin and bilirubin can confer protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury and graft rejection secondary to organ transplantation in animal models. Several possible mechanisms for these effects have been proposed, including direct antioxidant and scavenging effects, and modulation of signaling pathways regulating inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and immune responses. The practicality and therapeutic-effectiveness of bile pigment application to humans remains unclear.
PubMed: 22408625
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00039 -
Gut Apr 1969
Review
Topics: Bilirubin; Biological Transport, Active; Bone Marrow; Erythropoiesis; Glucuronates; Humans; Jaundice; Liver; Phenobarbital; Transferases; Urobilinogen
PubMed: 4889525
DOI: 10.1136/gut.10.4.250 -
British Medical Journal Apr 1973
Topics: Bile Pigments; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Phosphates; Cholelithiasis; Cholesterol; Humans; Indians, North American; Japan; Palmitic Acids; United Kingdom; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 4699589
DOI: No ID Found -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Mar 2013To investigate the attenuation patterns and detectability of common bile duct (CBD) stones by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
AIM
To investigate the attenuation patterns and detectability of common bile duct (CBD) stones by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT).
METHODS
Between March 2010 and February 2012, 191 patients with suspicion of CBD stones undergoing both MDCT and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were enrolled and reviewed retrospectively. The attenuation patterns of CBD stones on MDCT were classified as heavily calcified, radiopaque, less radiopaque, or undetectable. The association between the attenuation patterns of CBD stones on MDCT and stone type consisting of pure cholesterol, mixed cholesterol, brown pigment, and black pigment and the factors related to the detectability of CBD stones by MDCT were evaluated.
RESULTS
MDCT showed CBD stones in 111 of 130 patients in whom the CBD stones were demonstrated by ERCP with 85.4% sensitivity. The attenuation patterns of CBD stones on MDCT were heavily calcified 34 (26%), radiopaque 31 (24%), less radiopaque 46 (35%), and undetectable 19 (15%). The radiopacity of CBD stones differed significantly according to stone type (P < 0.001). From the receiver operating characteristic curve, stone size was useful for the determination of CBD stone by MDCT (area under curve 0.779, P < 0.001) and appropriate cut-off stone size on MDCT was 5 mm. The factors related to detectability of CBD stones on MDCT were age, stone type, and stone size on multivariate analysis (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The radiopacity of CBD stones on MDCT differed according to stone type. Stone type and stone size were related to the detectability by MDCT, and appropriate cut-off stone size was 5 mm.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Area Under Curve; Bile Pigments; Chi-Square Distribution; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Choledocholithiasis; Cholesterol; Female; Gallstones; Humans; Linear Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multidetector Computed Tomography; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Predictive Value of Tests; ROC Curve; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 23555167
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i11.1788 -
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Apr 2003Inflammatory bowel disease is a risk factor for gall-bladder stones, but there is controversy about the composition of these stones and whether such patients develop...
BACKGROUND
Inflammatory bowel disease is a risk factor for gall-bladder stones, but there is controversy about the composition of these stones and whether such patients develop lithogenic bile.
METHODS
In 54 gallstone-free inflammatory bowel disease patients and 13 non-inflammatory bowel disease patients with cholesterol-rich gallstones, we measured the biliary cholesterol saturation indices, nucleation times and bilirubin concentrations, and determined the bile acid composition and molecular species of phosphatidylcholine, in gall-bladder bile.
RESULTS
Patients with Crohn's colitis or ulcerative colitis had less saturated bile (mean cholesterol saturation index, 0.9) and longer nucleation times (median, 21 days) than those with ileal Crohn's disease (1.5; 14 days) or those who had undergone colectomy (1.6; 5 days). In patients with ileal Crohn's disease, the mean biliary bilirubin concentration was two- to three-fold higher than that in the other groups, and was associated with a decrease in the percentage of biliary deoxycholate and an increase in the percentage of ursodeoxycholate, compared with disease controls, but phosphatidylcholine species were similar.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with small bowel Crohn's disease, or who have undergone colonic resection, have supersaturated bile and an increased risk of cholesterol gallstone formation. In patients with ileal disease, the presence of high biliary bilirubin concentrations and low percentage of deoxycholic acid may also favour the formation of mixed, pigment-rich, gallstones.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Bilirubin; Cholesterol; Colectomy; Crohn Disease; Crystallization; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphatidylcholines
PubMed: 12656695
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01529.x -
The Biochemical Journal Nov 19701. A simple, rapid solvent partition method is described for isolation of conjugated bilirubin, free of unconjugated bilirubin, bile salts, phospholipids and...
1. A simple, rapid solvent partition method is described for isolation of conjugated bilirubin, free of unconjugated bilirubin, bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol, from rat bile. Yields are 40-58%. The product is a phosphate-buffered solution containing approx. 0.4mg of bilirubin/ml, principally as mono- and di-glucuronide conjugates. The method may be modified for isolation of conjugates from human bile with 15-22% yield, and for preparation of unconjugated bilirubin from rat or human bile with yields of 55-62%. 2. The conjugated pigment has red-brown fluorescence and an absorption maximum at 450nm with in(mM) 59.8cm(-1). Diazotization by the Malloy-Evelyn method gives a direct Van den Bergh reaction (in water) 12% greater than the total reaction (in methanol), with in(total) 28.4x10(3)lmol(-1)cm(-1) at 550nm. After desalting by elution from Sephadex LH-20 in 50% (v/v) ethanol, the product gave water-soluble mustard-yellow crystalline needles. Such desalted conjugates were precipitated by Pb(2+) but not by Ba(2+), Ca(2+) or Zn(2+). 3. At pH7.0 and 37 degrees C the conjugated bilirubin was oxidized at a rate of 1%/h without hydrolysis, whereas 84% was hydrolysed by beta-glucuronidase or aqueous alkali. 4. Mono- and di-glucuronides were separated by elution from Sephadex LH-20 in 95% (v/v) ethanol or by extraction with chloroform at pH3.2-3.4. The monoconjugated bilirubin did not become labelled during incubation with unconjugated [(14)C]bilirubin, and chromatographed as a single spot without dissociating into unconjugated bilirubin and diglucuronide as would be expected of a complex. 5. After intravenous injection of mono- or di-conjugated [(14)C]bilirubin into normal or Gunn rats, 79-91% was excreted in bile and 2-7% in urine over 2h. In these experiments injected diglucuronide was not hydrolysed whereas 30-41% of injected monoglucuronide was converted into diglucuronide by the normal but not by the Gunn rats. The evidence favours the existence of a true bilirubin mono-glucuronide that is not a complex.
Topics: Animals; Barium; Bile; Bilirubin; Buffers; Calcium; Carbon Isotopes; Chemical Precipitation; Chromatography; Diazonium Compounds; Fluorescence; Glucuronates; Glucuronidase; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Lead; Male; Methods; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphates; Rats; Solubility; Spectrum Analysis; Zinc
PubMed: 5493854
DOI: 10.1042/bj1200311 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2023The high mortality rate in sepsis patients is related to sepsis-associated liver injury (SALI). We sought to develop an accurate forecasting nomogram to estimate...
The high mortality rate in sepsis patients is related to sepsis-associated liver injury (SALI). We sought to develop an accurate forecasting nomogram to estimate individual 90-day mortality in SALI patients. Data from 34,329 patients were extracted from the public Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV) database. SALI was defined by total bilirubin (TBIL) > 2 mg/dL and the occurrence of an international normalized ratio (INR) > 1.5 in the presence of sepsis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to establish a prediction model called the nomogram based on the training set (n = 727), which was subsequently subjected to internal validation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that SALI was an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with sepsis. The Kaplan‒Meier curves for 90-day survival were different between the SALI and non-SALI groups after propensity score matching (PSM) (log rank: P < 0.001 versus P = 0.038), regardless of PSM balance. The nomogram demonstrated better discrimination than the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, logistic organ dysfunction system (LODS) score, simplified acute physiology II (SAPS II) score, and Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) score in the training and validation sets, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.778 (95% CI 0.730-0.799, P < 0.001) and 0.804 (95% CI 0.713-0.820, P < 0.001), respectively. The calibration plot showed that the nomogram was sufficiently successful to predict the probability of 90-day mortality in both groups. The DCA of the nomogram demonstrated a higher net benefit regarding clinical usefulness than SOFA, LODS, SAPSII, and ALBI scores in the two groups. The nomogram performs exceptionally well in predicting the 90-day mortality rate in SALI patients, which can be used to assess the prognosis of patients with SALI and may assist in guiding clinical practice to enhance patient outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Nomograms; Sepsis; Albumins; Bilirubin; Liver
PubMed: 36871054
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30235-5